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Human Physiology Diseases MCQs
High-yield multiple choice questions asked in previous years (UPSC, SSC CGL, JKSSB, RRB & State PSCs).
High-Yield Concept Capsule & Key Facts
📌 Core biological science module in UPSC, SSC CGL/CHSL, CDS, NDA, and State PSCs.
Human Organ Systems & Physiological Functions
- • Circulatory System: Four-chambered heart (2 atria, 2 ventricles). Pacemaker: SA Node (Sinoatrial node in right atrium). Blood components: RBCs (Erythrocytes - carry oxygen via hemoglobin, 120-day lifespan), WBCs (Leukocytes - immunity), Platelets (Thrombocytes - clotting via Prothrombin & Vitamin K). Universal Donor blood group: O negative (O-); Universal Recipient: AB positive (AB+).
- • Digestive System: Digestion begins in mouth (Salivary amylase breaks starch into maltose). Stomach secretes HCl and Pepsin (protein digestion). Liver secretes Bile (stored in gallbladder; emulsifies fats). Pancreas secretes Trypsin, Lipase, and Amylase. Complete absorption occurs in Small Intestine via Villi.
- • Endocrine System: Pituitary Gland ('Master Gland' at base of brain). Thyroid (produces Thyroxine; requires Iodine - deficiency causes Goitre). Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans: Beta cells secrete Insulin - deficiency causes Diabetes Mellitus). Adrenal Glands ('Fight or Flight' hormone Adrenaline).
Classification of Human Infectious & Deficiency Diseases
- • Bacterial Diseases: Tuberculosis (Mycobacterium tuberculosis - BCG vaccine), Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), Typhoid (Salmonella typhi - Widal test), Tetanus (Clostridium tetani), Diphtheria, Pertussis (Whooping cough).
- • Viral Diseases: Polio (Poliovirus), Rabies, Hepatitis, Dengue (Flavivirus - Aedes aegypti mosquito vector), Chikungunya, AIDS (HIV retrovirus - ELISA and Western Blot test), Influenza.
- • Protozoan & Vector Diseases: Malaria (Plasmodium protozoa - female Anopheles mosquito vector; treated with Quinine/Artemisinin), Kala-azar (Leishmania donovani - Sandfly vector), Sleeping Sickness (Tsetse fly).
- • Vitamin Deficiencies: Vitamin A (Night blindness / Xerophthalmia), Vitamin B1 (Beriberi), Vitamin B3 (Pellagra), Vitamin C (Scurvy - bleeding gums), Vitamin D (Rickets in children, Osteomalacia in adults), Vitamin K (Defective blood clotting).
| Disease | Pathogen / Cause | Diagnostic Test / Vector | Target Organ / Characteristic Symptom |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tuberculosis (TB) | Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Bacteria) | Mantoux Tuberculin Test | Lungs; chronic cough, hemoptysis |
| Typhoid | Salmonella typhi (Bacteria) | Widal Test | Intestines; sustained high fever |
| Malaria | Plasmodium vivax/falciparum (Protozoa) | Female Anopheles mosquito | RBC destruction, chills, cyclical fever |
| AIDS | Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) | ELISA & Western Blot | Destroys CD4+ T-helper immune cells |
| Goitre | Iodine deficiency | Thyroid profile (T3, T4, TSH) | Swelling of thyroid gland in neck |
| Scurvy | Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) deficiency | Dietary deficiency | Spongy bleeding gums, delayed wound healing |
Showing 15 Practice Questions
Q1SSC CGL 2023Easy
Which specialized cell node, located in the right atrium of the human heart, acts as the natural electrical pacemaker?
Q2UPSC CSE PrelimsEasy
The Widal test is a widely employed clinical laboratory test used for diagnosing:
Q3JKSSB FAA 2022Easy
Which endocrine gland, situated at the base of the brain, is known as the 'Master Gland' because it controls other endocrine glands?
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Q4CDS 2022Easy
Insulin, the peptide hormone regulating blood glucose levels, is secreted by which specific cells in the Islets of Langerhans of the Pancreas?
Q5JKSSB VLW 2023Easy
Which vitamin deficiency causes the childhood bone-softening condition known as 'Rickets'?
Q6SSC CGL Tier-1Easy
Which blood group is internationally recognized as the 'Universal Donor' for emergency red blood cell transfusions?
Q7JKPSC KAS PrelimsEasy
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by which parasitic microorganism?
Q8NDA 2022Easy
Which digestive organ produces and secretes 'Bile', which is subsequently stored and concentrated in the gallbladder?
Q9SSC CHSLEasy
Which vitamin is essential for synthesizing prothrombin in the liver, playing a critical role in blood clotting?
Q10JKSSB Sub-InspectorEasy
The primary structural and functional microscopic filtration unit of the human kidney is the:
Q11UPSC CSE PrelimsMedium
Kala-azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis), characterized by irregular fever and splenomegaly, is transmitted to humans by the bite of:
Q12JKSSB Patwari 2024Easy
What is the normal resting blood pressure of a healthy human adult measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)?
Q13CDS 2021Easy
Deficiency of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) in human diet leads to which debilitating nutritional disorder?
Q14SSC CGLEasy
Which of the following is a viral disease transmitted primarily by the bite of an infected Aedes aegypti mosquito?
Q15JKSSB Junior AssistantEasy
Which enzyme present in human saliva initiates the chemical breakdown of dietary starch into maltose?
Frequently Asked Questions (Human Physiology Diseases)
Q: Why is Blood Group O-Negative considered the universal donor and AB-Positive the universal recipient?
O-negative blood lacks A, B, and Rh surface antigens on its red blood cells, preventing immune antibodies in a recipient from attacking the transfused cells. AB-positive blood has both A and B antigens and Rh factor, meaning its plasma contains neither anti-A, anti-B, nor anti-Rh antibodies, allowing it to safely receive all blood types.
Q: Which diagnostic test is used to detect Typhoid fever in clinical laboratories?
The Widal Test is the classic serological diagnostic test used to detect Typhoid (enteric) fever by measuring agglutinating antibodies against Salmonella typhi antigens.
Q: What is the natural electrical pacemaker of the human heart?
The Sinoatrial Node (SA Node), located in the upper wall of the right atrium, spontaneously generates rhythmic electrical impulses (72 times per minute) that dictate heart muscle contractions, earning it the title 'natural pacemaker'.
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